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Long range, low power messaging system based on Meshtastic relays suitable for underground communications.
<figure style="text-align: center"
<img src="24-02-10 13-07-46 3107.jpg" alt="Vangelis node placed by a cave stream." width="200px">
</figure>
![Vangelis node placed by a cave stream](24-02-10 13-07-46 3107.jpg)
## Design principles
Natural caves are challenging as it comes to communications due to irregular cavity shapes, presence of water and general difficulty of installing any kind of equipment in an environment where everything has to be carried on human's back over hundreds of meters vertically. There are numerous existing solutions, each with its own challenges:
@ -11,10 +9,7 @@ Natural caves are challenging as it comes to communications due to irregular cav
* [Through-the-earth radio communications](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Through-the-earth_mine_communications) using very low radio frequencies (HeyPhone, Nikola, CaveLink) are the most popular _ad-hoc_ communications solution during cave rescue or expeditions . Obtaining a reliable link at depths below hundreds of meters however is a lottery as many factors from geology to weather impact attenuation even at low frequencies.
* Underground communication links based on radio repeaters was discussed at least since 2014[^1]. _Sybet_ came up with industrial solution [SPELLCOM](https://sybet.eu/batnode/) using radio repeaters to relay voice communications over underground cavities.
<figure style="text-align: center"
<img src="drawing.svg" alt="Schematic drawing of a cave with three relay nodes placed on tunnel bends and cavers communicating to end nodes using their mobile phones.">
<figcaption><em><center>Vangelis architecture overview.</center></em></figcaption>
</figure>
![Schematic drawing of a cave with three relay nodes placed on tunnel bends and cavers communicating to end nodes using their mobile phones](drawing.svg "Vangelis architecture overview")
The **Vangelis** project expands on all of the above by using autonomous low-power repeaters for relaying text messages rather than voice over low-power radio transmission:
@ -25,10 +20,7 @@ The **Vangelis** project expands on all of the above by using autonomous low-pow
* Range of surface relays limited only by LoRa radio reach, practically up to a few kilometers in mountainous areas
* Consumer smartphones connecting over Bluetooth to relay nodes using [Meshtastic app](https://meshtastic.org/downloads/) to send and receive messages
<figure style="text-align: center"
<img src="24-02-10 13-12-22 3110.jpg" alt="A caver reading message on a smartphone standing next to a relay node.">
<figcaption><em><center>Typical usage scenario.</center></em></figcaption>
</figure>
![A caver reading message on a smartphone standing next to a relay node](24-02-10 13-12-22 3110.jpg "Typical usage scenario")
## Hardware
@ -37,10 +29,7 @@ The system is composed of two node types: surface and underground. Each node ope
* **surface node**
* **cave node** powered from a LiPo battery and intended to operate without recharging for the whole period of a cave operation
<figure style="text-align: center"
<img src="24-02-12 14-24-37 3136.jpg" alt="Three small cave nodes and two larges surface nodes placed next to each other.">
<figcaption><em><center>Comparison of cave nodes (left) and surface nodes (right).</center></em></figcaption>
</figure>
![Three small cave nodes and two larges surface nodes placed next to each other](24-02-12 14-24-37 3136.jpg "Comparison of cave nodes (left) and surface nodes (right)")
### Surface node
@ -82,10 +71,7 @@ Bill of materials:
* [USB-C male to female coupler](https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B0B18SLFD4)
* [Rubber USB-C plugs](https://www.ebay.co.uk/itm/144021649084)
<figure style="text-align: center">
<img src="24-01-29 11-35-50 3052.jpg" alt="Yellow, small 3D printed plastic case with antenna.">
<figcaption><em><center>Assembled TacMesh case.</center></em></figcaption>
</figure>
![Yellow, small 3D printed plastic case with antenna](24-01-29 11-35-50 3052.jpg "Assembled TacMesh case")
### Future improvements