docker-postgis/README.md

# docker-postgis



A simple docker container that runs PostGIS

Visit our page on the docker hub at: https://hub.docker.com/r/kartoza/postgis/

There are a number of other docker postgis containers out there. This one
differentiates itself by:

* provides ssl support out of the box
* connections are restricted to the docker subnet
* a default database 'gis' is created for you so you can use this container 'out of the
  box' when it runs with e.g. QGIS
* replication support included
* Ability to create multiple database when you spin the database.
* Enable multiple extensions in the database when setting it up

We will work to add more security features to this container in the future with 
the aim of making a PostGIS image that is ready to be used in a production 
environment (though probably not for heavy load databases).

There is a nice 'from scratch' tutorial on using this docker image on Alex Urquhart's
blog [here](https://alexurquhart.com/post/set-up-postgis-with-docker/) - if you are
just getting started with docker, PostGIS and QGIS, we really recommend that you use it.

## Tagged versions

The following convention is used for tagging the images we build:

kartoza/postgis:[postgres_version]-[postgis-version]

So for example:

``kartoza/postgis:9.6-2.4`` Provides PostgreSQL 9.6, PostGIS 2.4

**Note:** We highly recommend that you use tagged versions because
successive minor versions of PostgreSQL write their database clusters
into different database directories - which will cause your database
to appear to be empty if you are using persistent volumes for your
database storage.

## Getting the image

There are various ways to get the image onto your system:


The preferred way (but using most bandwidth for the initial image) is to
get our docker trusted build like this:


```
docker pull kartoza/postgis
```

To build the image yourself without apt-cacher (also consumes more bandwidth
since deb packages need to be refetched each time you build) do:

```
docker build -t kartoza/postgis git://github.com/kartoza/docker-postgis
```

To build with apt-cacher (and minimise download requirements) you need to
clone this repo locally first and modify the contents of 71-apt-cacher-ng to
match your cacher host. Then build using a local url instead of directly from
github.

```
git clone git://github.com/kartoza/docker-postgis
```

Now edit ``71-apt-cacher-ng`` then do:

```
docker build -t kartoza/postgis .
```

## Run


To create a running container do:

```
sudo docker run --name "postgis" -p 25432:5432 -d -t kartoza/postgis
```

## Environment variables

You can also use the following environment variables to pass a 
user name, password and/or default database name(or multiple databases comma separated).

* -e POSTGRES_USER=<PGUSER> 
* -e POSTGRES_PASS=<PGPASSWORD>
* -e POSTGRES_DBNAME=<PGDBNAME>
* -e POSTGRES_MULTIPLE_EXTENSIONS=postgis,hstore,postgis_topology # You can pass as many extensions as you need.
* -e SSL_CERT_FILE=/your/own/ssl_cert_file.pem
* -e SSL_KEY_FILE=/your/own/ssl_key_file.key
* -e SSL_CA_FILE=/your/own/ssl_ca_file.pem
* -e DEFAULT_ENCODING="UTF8"
* -e DEFAULT_COLLATION="en_US.UTF-8"
* -e DEFAULT_CTYPE="en_US.UTF-8"

Maximum size to let the WAL grow to between automatic WAL checkpoints.
* -e WAL_SIZE=4GB

* -e MIN_WAL_SIZE=2048MB

Specifes the size of WAL segment files when creating a new data base cluster. Maximum
permitted value is 1024 (equivalent to 1GB)
* -e WAL_SEGSIZE=1024

Specifies the maximum amount of memory to be used by maintenance operations, such as VACUUM, CREATE INDEX, and ALTER TABLE ADD FOREIGN KEY
* -e MAINTAINANCE_WORK_MEM=128MB

These will be used to create a new superuser with
your preferred credentials. If these are not specified then the postgresql 
user is set to 'docker' with password 'docker'.

You can open up the PG port by using the following environment variable. By default 
the container will allow connections only from the docker private subnet.

* -e ALLOW_IP_RANGE=<0.0.0.0/0> By default 
t

Postgres conf is setup to listen to all connections and if a user needs to restrict which IP address
PostgreSQL listens to you can define it with the following environment variable. The default is set to listen to 
all connections.
* -e IP_LIST=<*>



## Convenience docker-compose.yml

For convenience we have provided a ``docker-compose.yml`` that will run a
copy of the database image and also our related database backup image (see 
[https://github.com/kartoza/docker-pg-backup](https://github.com/kartoza/docker-pg-backup)).

The docker compose recipe will expose PostgreSQL on port 25432 (to prevent
potential conflicts with any local database instance you may have).

Example usage:

```
docker-compose up -d
```

**Note:** The docker-compose recipe above will not persist your data on your local
disk, only in a docker volume.

## Connect via psql

Connect with psql (make sure you first install postgresql client tools on your
host / client):


```
psql -h localhost -U docker -p 25432 -l
```

**Note:** Default postgresql user is 'docker' with password 'docker'.

You can then go on to use any normal postgresql commands against the container.

Under ubuntu 16.04 the postgresql client can be installed like this:

```
sudo apt-get install postgresql-client-9.6
```

## Running SQL scripts on container startup.


In some instances users want to run some SQL scripts to populate the 
database. Since the environment variable POSTGRES_DB allows
us to specify multiple database that can be created on startup.
When running scripts they will only be executed against the 
first database ie POSTGRES_DB=gis,data,sample
The SQL script will be executed against the gis database.

Currently you can pass `.sql` and `.sql.gz` files as mounted volumes.

```

docker run -d -v ./setup-db.sql:/docker-entrypoint-initdb.d/setup-db.sql kartoza/postgis`
```


## Storing data on the host rather than the container.


Docker volumes can be used to persist your data.

```
mkdir -p ~/postgres_data
docker run -d -v $HOME/postgres_data:/var/lib/postgresql kartoza/postgis`
```

You need to ensure the ``postgres_data`` directory has sufficient permissions
for the docker process to read / write it.

## Postgres Replication Setup

Replication allows you to maintain two or more synchronised copies of a database, with a
single **master** copy and one or more **replicant** copies. The animation below illustrates 
this - the layer with the red boundary is accessed from the master database and the layer 
with the green fill is accessed from the replicant database. When edits to the master 
layer are saved, they are automatically propagated to the replicant. Note also that the 
replicant is read-only.

![qgis](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/178003/37755610-dd3b774a-2dae-11e8-9fa1-4877e2034675.gif)

This image is provided with replication abilities. We can 
categorize an instance of the container as `master` or `replicant`. A `master` 
instance means that a particular container has a role as a single point of 
database write. A `replicant` instance means that a particular container will 
mirror database content from a designated master. This replication scheme allows 
us to sync databases. However a `replicant` is only for read-only transaction, thus 
we can't write new data to it. The whole database cluster will be replicated.

To experiment with the replication abilities, you can see a (docker-compose.yml)[sample/replication/docker-compose.yml] 
sample. There are several environment variables that you can set, such as:

Master settings:
- **ALLOW_IP_RANGE**: A pg_hba.conf domain format which will allow specified host(s) 
  to connect into the container. This is needed to allow the `slave` to connect 
  into `master`, so specifically this settings should allow `slave` address. It is also needed to allow clients on other hosts to connect to either the slave or the master. 
- Both POSTGRES_USER and POSTGRES_PASS will be used as credentials for the slave to
  connect, so make sure you change this into something secure.
  
Slave settings:
- **REPLICATE_FROM**: This should be the domain name or IP address of the `master` 
  instance. It can be anything from the docker resolved name like that written in the sample, 
  or the IP address of the actual machine where you expose `master`. This is 
  useful to create cross machine replication, or cross stack/server.
- **REPLICATE_PORT**: This should be the port number of `master` postgres instance. 
  Will default to 5432 (default postgres port), if not specified.
- **DESTROY_DATABASE_ON_RESTART**: Default is `True`. Set to 'False' to prevent 
  this behaviour. A replicant will always destroy its current database on 
  restart, because it will try to sync again from `master` and avoid inconsistencies.
- **PROMOTE_MASTER**: Default none. If set to any value then the current replicant 
  will be promoted to master. 
  In some cases when the `master` container has failed, we might want to use our `replicant` 
  as `master` for a while. However, the promoted replicant will break consistencies and 
  is not able to revert to replicant anymore, unless it is destroyed and resynced 
  with the new master.

To run the sample replication, follow these instructions:

Do a manual image build by executing the `build.sh` script

```
./build.sh
```

Go into the `sample/replication` directory and experiment with the following Make 
command to run both master and slave services.

```
make up
```

To shutdown services, execute:

```
make down
```

To view logs for master and slave respectively, use the following command:

```
make master-log
make slave-log
```

You can try experiment with several scenarios to see how replication works

### Sync changes from master to replicant

You can use any postgres database tools to create new tables in master, by 
connecting using POSTGRES_USER and POSTGRES_PASS credentials using exposed port.
In the sample, the master database was exposed on port 7777.
Or you can do it via command line, by entering the shell:

```
make master-shell
```

Then made any database changes using psql.

After that, you can see that the replicant follows the changes by inspecting the
slave database. You can, again, use database management tools using connection 
credentials, hostname, and ports for replicant. Or you can do it via command line, 
by entering the shell:

```
make slave-shell
```

Then view your changes using psql.

### Promoting replicant to master

You will notice that you cannot make changes in replicant, because it is read-only.
If somehow you want to promote it to master, you can specify `PROMOTE_MASTER: 'True'` 
into slave environment and set `DESTROY_DATABASE_ON_RESTART: 'False'`. 

After this, you can make changes to your replicant, but master and replicant will not 
be in sync anymore. This is useful if the replicant needs to take over a failover master. 
However it is recommended to take additional action, such as creating a backup from the 
slave so a dedicated master can be created again.

### Preventing replicant database destroy on restart

You can optionally set `DESTROY_DATABASE_ON_RESTART: 'False'` after successful sync 
to prevent the database from being destroyed on restart. With this setting you can 
shut down your replicant and restart it later and it will continue to sync using the existing 
database (as long as there are no consistencies conflicts).

However, you should note that this option doesn't mean anything if you didn't 
persist your database volume. Because if it is not persisted, then it will be lost 
on restart because docker will recreate the container.

## Postgres SSL setup

By default the image is delivered with an unsigned SSL certificate. This helps to have an
encrypted connection to clients and avoid eavesdropping but does not help to mitigate
man in the middle (MITM) attacks.

You need to provide your own, signed private key to avoid this kind of attacks (and make
sure clients connect with verify-ca or verify-full sslmode).

The following is an example Dockerfile that sets up a container with custom ssl private key and certificate:

```
FROM kartoza/postgis:11.0-2.5

ADD ssl_cert.pem /etc/ssl/certs/ssl_cert.pem
ADD localhost_ssl_key.pem /etc/ssl/private/ssl_key.pem

RUN chmod 400 /etc/ssl/private/ssl_key.pem
```

And a docker-compose.yml to initialize with this configuration:

```
services:
  postgres:
    build:
      dockerfile: Dockerfile
      context: ssl_secured_docker
    environment:
      - SSL_CERT_FILE=/etc/ssl/certs/ssl_cert.pem
      - SSL_KEY_FILE=/etc/ssl/private/ssl_key.pem
```

See [the postgres documentation about SSL](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/11/libpq-ssl.html#LIBQ-SSL-CERTIFICATES) for more information.

## Postgres Encoding

The database cluster is initialised with the following encoding settings

`
-E "UTF8" --lc-collate="en_US.UTF-8" --lc-ctype="en_US.UTF-8"
`

If you need to setup a database cluster with other encoding parameters you need 
to pass the environment variables

* -e DEFAULT_ENCODING="UTF8"
* -e DEFAULT_COLLATION="en_US.UTF-8"
* -e DEFAULT_CTYPE="en_US.UTF-8"


See [the postgres documentation about encoding](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/11/multibyte.html) for more information.


## Credits

Tim Sutton (tim@kartoza.com)
Gavin Fleming (gavin@kartoza.com)
Risky Maulana (rizky@kartoza.com)
Admire Nyakudya (admire@kartoza.com)
December 2018