diff --git a/planetiler-benchmarks/src/main/java/com/onthegomap/planetiler/benchmarks/BenchmarkLua.java b/planetiler-benchmarks/src/main/java/com/onthegomap/planetiler/benchmarks/BenchmarkLua.java
index 712f8c6d..0cf4d51b 100644
--- a/planetiler-benchmarks/src/main/java/com/onthegomap/planetiler/benchmarks/BenchmarkLua.java
+++ b/planetiler-benchmarks/src/main/java/com/onthegomap/planetiler/benchmarks/BenchmarkLua.java
@@ -21,17 +21,20 @@ public class BenchmarkLua {
       LuaEnvironment.loadScript(Arguments.of(), Path.of("planetiler-experimental/src/test/resources/power.lua"));
     var feature = SimpleFeature.createFakeOsmFeature(GeoUtils.JTS_FACTORY.createPoint(new CoordinateXY(0, 0)), Map.of(),
       "", "", 1, List.of());
+    int batch = 1_000_000;
     var fc = new FeatureCollector.Factory(PlanetilerConfig.defaults(), Stats.inMemory());
-    for (int i = 0; i < 1_000; i++) {
+    for (int i = 0; i < batch; i++) {
       env.profile.processFeature(feature, fc.get(feature));
     }
     long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
-    int num = 2_000_000;
-    for (int i = 0; i < num; i++) {
-      env.profile.processFeature(feature, fc.get(feature));
-    }
+    int num = 0;
+    do {
+      for (int i = 0; i < batch; i++) {
+        env.profile.processFeature(feature, fc.get(feature));
+      }
+      num += batch;
+    } while (System.currentTimeMillis() - start < 1_000);
     long end = System.currentTimeMillis();
-    System.err.println("took " + (end - start) + "ms " +
-      Format.defaultInstance().numeric(num / ((end - start) / 1000.0)) + " features/sec");
+    System.err.println(Format.defaultInstance().numeric(num / ((end - start) / 1000.0)) + " calls/sec");
   }
 }
diff --git a/planetiler-experimental/src/main/java/org/luaj/vm2/lib/jse/CoerceLuaToJava.java b/planetiler-experimental/src/main/java/org/luaj/vm2/lib/jse/CoerceLuaToJava.java
index de6e2bc0..54f61734 100644
--- a/planetiler-experimental/src/main/java/org/luaj/vm2/lib/jse/CoerceLuaToJava.java
+++ b/planetiler-experimental/src/main/java/org/luaj/vm2/lib/jse/CoerceLuaToJava.java
@@ -282,7 +282,9 @@ public class CoerceLuaToJava {
     }
   }
 
-  private static final Map<Class<?>, Map<Class<?>, Integer>> inheritanceLevelsCache = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
+  private static final Map<ClassPair, Integer> inheritanceLevelsCache = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
+
+  private record ClassPair(Class<?> baseClass, Class<?> subclass) {}
 
   /**
    * Determine levels of inheritance between a base class and a subclass
@@ -296,11 +298,9 @@ public class CoerceLuaToJava {
       return SCORE_UNCOERCIBLE;
     if (baseclass == subclass)
       return 0;
-    Map<Class<?>, Integer> map = inheritanceLevelsCache.get(baseclass);
-    if (map == null) {
-      map = inheritanceLevelsCache.computeIfAbsent(baseclass, k -> new ConcurrentHashMap<>());
-    }
-    Integer result = map.get(subclass);
+    // planetiler change: cache result of this value to improve performance
+    ClassPair key = new ClassPair(baseclass, subclass);
+    Integer result = inheritanceLevelsCache.get(key);
     if (result != null) {
       return result;
     }
@@ -308,7 +308,8 @@ public class CoerceLuaToJava {
     Class<?>[] ifaces = subclass.getInterfaces();
     for (Class<?> iface : ifaces)
       min = Math.min(min, inheritanceLevels(baseclass, iface) + 1);
-    map.put(subclass, min);
+    // best-effort cache, might end up computing a few times but that's ok
+    inheritanceLevelsCache.put(key, min);
     return min;
   }
 
diff --git a/planetiler-experimental/src/main/java/org/luaj/vm2/lib/jse/JavaClass.java b/planetiler-experimental/src/main/java/org/luaj/vm2/lib/jse/JavaClass.java
index 6dd44c13..93e7f5ef 100644
--- a/planetiler-experimental/src/main/java/org/luaj/vm2/lib/jse/JavaClass.java
+++ b/planetiler-experimental/src/main/java/org/luaj/vm2/lib/jse/JavaClass.java
@@ -64,11 +64,11 @@ class JavaClass extends JavaInstance {
 
   static final LuaValue NEW = valueOf("new");
 
-  private final Map<LuaValue, Field> fields;
-  private final Map<LuaValue, LuaValue> methods;
-  private final Map<LuaValue, Getter> getters;
-  private final Map<LuaValue, Setter> setters;
-  private final Map<LuaValue, Class<?>> innerclasses;
+  private final Map<LuaValue, Field> fields = new HashMap<>();
+  private final Map<LuaValue, LuaValue> methods = new HashMap<>();
+  private final Map<LuaValue, Getter> getters = new HashMap<>();
+  private final Map<LuaValue, Setter> setters = new HashMap<>();
+  private final Map<LuaValue, Class<?>> innerclasses = new HashMap<>();
   public final boolean bindMethods;
 
   static JavaClass forClass(Class<?> c) {
@@ -85,20 +85,16 @@ class JavaClass extends JavaInstance {
     this.jclass = this;
     this.bindMethods = c.isAnnotationPresent(LuaBindMethods.class);
     // planetiler change: compute these maps eagerly
-    fields = computeFields();
-    var result = computeMethods();
-    methods = result.methods;
-    getters = result.getters;
-    setters = result.setters;
-    innerclasses = computeInnerClasses();
+    computeFields();
+    computeMethods();
+    computeInnerClasses();
   }
 
   private Map<LuaValue, Field> computeFields() {
-    Map<LuaValue, Field> tmpFields = new HashMap<>();
     Field[] f = ((Class<?>) m_instance).getFields();
     for (Field fi : f) {
       if (Modifier.isPublic(fi.getModifiers())) {
-        tmpFields.put(LuaValue.valueOf(fi.getName()), fi);
+        fields.put(LuaValue.valueOf(fi.getName()), fi);
         try {
           if (!fi.isAccessible()) {
             fi.setAccessible(true);
@@ -109,14 +105,11 @@ class JavaClass extends JavaInstance {
     }
 
     // planetiler change: add snake_case aliases for camelCase methods
-    putAliases(tmpFields);
-    return Map.copyOf(tmpFields);
+    putAliases(fields);
+    return fields;
   }
 
-  private Methods computeMethods() {
-    Map<LuaValue, LuaValue> tmpMethods = new HashMap<>();
-    Map<LuaValue, Getter> tmpGettters = new HashMap<>();
-    Map<LuaValue, Setter> tmpSetters = new HashMap<>();
+  private void computeMethods() {
     Map<String, List<JavaMethod>> namedlists = new HashMap<>();
     Class<?> clazz = (Class<?>) m_instance;
     Set<String> recordComponents =
@@ -129,9 +122,9 @@ class JavaClass extends JavaInstance {
         // also allow record components to be accessed as properties
         if ((recordComponents.contains(name) || mi.isAnnotationPresent(LuaGetter.class)) &&
           mi.getParameterCount() == 0) {
-          tmpGettters.put(LuaString.valueOf(name), new Getter(mi));
+          getters.put(LuaString.valueOf(name), new Getter(mi));
         } else if (mi.isAnnotationPresent(LuaSetter.class)) {
-          tmpSetters.put(LuaString.valueOf(name), new Setter(mi, mi.getParameterTypes()[0]));
+          setters.put(LuaString.valueOf(name), new Setter(mi, mi.getParameterTypes()[0]));
         }
         namedlists.computeIfAbsent(name, k -> new ArrayList<>()).add(JavaMethod.forMethod(mi));
       }
@@ -147,10 +140,10 @@ class JavaClass extends JavaInstance {
       case 0:
         break;
       case 1:
-        tmpMethods.put(NEW, list.get(0));
+        methods.put(NEW, list.get(0));
         break;
       default:
-        tmpMethods.put(NEW,
+        methods.put(NEW,
           JavaConstructor.forConstructors(list.toArray(JavaConstructor[]::new)));
         break;
     }
@@ -161,31 +154,22 @@ class JavaClass extends JavaInstance {
       LuaValue luaMethod = classMethods.size() == 1 ?
         classMethods.get(0) :
         JavaMethod.forMethods(classMethods.toArray(JavaMethod[]::new));
-      tmpMethods.put(LuaValue.valueOf(name), luaMethod);
+      methods.put(LuaValue.valueOf(name), luaMethod);
     }
 
     // planetiler change: add snake_case aliases for camelCase methods
-    putAliases(tmpMethods);
-    putAliases(tmpGettters);
-    putAliases(tmpSetters);
-    return new Methods(
-      Map.copyOf(tmpMethods),
-      Map.copyOf(tmpGettters),
-      Map.copyOf(tmpSetters)
-    );
+    putAliases(methods);
+    putAliases(getters);
+    putAliases(setters);
   }
 
-  record Methods(Map<LuaValue, LuaValue> methods, Map<LuaValue, Getter> getters, Map<LuaValue, Setter> setters) {}
-
-  private Map<LuaValue, Class<?>> computeInnerClasses() {
-    Map<LuaValue, Class<?>> result = new HashMap<>();
+  private void computeInnerClasses() {
     Class<?>[] c = ((Class<?>) m_instance).getClasses();
     for (Class<?> ci : c) {
       String name = ci.getName();
       String stub = name.substring(Math.max(name.lastIndexOf('$'), name.lastIndexOf('.')) + 1);
-      result.put(LuaValue.valueOf(stub), ci);
+      innerclasses.put(LuaValue.valueOf(stub), ci);
     }
-    return Map.copyOf(result);
   }
 
   private <T> void putAliases(Map<LuaValue, T> map) {
diff --git a/planetiler-experimental/src/main/java/org/luaj/vm2/lib/jse/JavaInstance.java b/planetiler-experimental/src/main/java/org/luaj/vm2/lib/jse/JavaInstance.java
index 82e450e1..8f20998e 100644
--- a/planetiler-experimental/src/main/java/org/luaj/vm2/lib/jse/JavaInstance.java
+++ b/planetiler-experimental/src/main/java/org/luaj/vm2/lib/jse/JavaInstance.java
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ class JavaInstance extends LuaUserdata {
 
   public LuaValue get(LuaValue key) {
     // planetiler change: allow lists to be accessed as tables
-    if (key.isnumber() && m_instance instanceof List<?> c) {
+    if (m_instance instanceof List<?> c) {
       int idx = key.toint();
       return idx <= 0 || idx > c.size() ? LuaValue.NIL : CoerceJavaToLua.coerce(c.get(idx - 1));
     }