RP2040 has two ARM Cortex-M0+ cores, and the second core normally remains dormant.
pico-debug runs on one core in a RP2040 and provides a USB CMSIS-DAP interface to debug the other core. No hardware is added; it is as if there were a virtual debug pod built-in.
Boot the RP2040 with the BOOTSEL button pressed, copy over pico-debug.uf2, and it immediately reboots as a CMSIS-DAP adapter. pico-debug loads as a RAM only .uf2 image, meaning that it is never written to flash and doesn't replace existing user code.
With **pico-debug-maxram**, *all* 264kBytes of SRAM on the RP2040 is available for running user code; pico-debug shoehorns itself entirely into the 16kBytes of XIP_SRAM (aka flash cache).
With **pico-debug-gimmecache**, 248kBytes (94% of total) of SRAM is available for running user code; pico-debug gives plenty of elbow room by occupying only 6% near the very top of SRAM, and unlike MAXRAM, leaves the flash cache operational.
If viewing this on github, pre-built binaries are available for download on the right under "Releases".