From 7b209363dd6e8eb4768d3eb2a19e5a607174cbf3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Salma Mamdoh <52897508+Salma-Mamdoh@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 1 Jul 2024 17:49:01 +0300
Subject: [PATCH] Subplots in Matplotlib

---
 .../images/Subplots.png                       | Bin 0 -> 28968 bytes
 .../images/matplotlib-sub-plots.md            | 216 ++++++++++++++++++
 contrib/plotting-visualization/index.md       |   3 +-
 .../matplotlib-sub-plot.md                    | 130 +++++++++++
 4 files changed, 348 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
 create mode 100644 contrib/plotting-visualization/images/Subplots.png
 create mode 100644 contrib/plotting-visualization/images/matplotlib-sub-plots.md
 create mode 100644 contrib/plotting-visualization/matplotlib-sub-plot.md

diff --git a/contrib/plotting-visualization/images/Subplots.png b/contrib/plotting-visualization/images/Subplots.png
new file mode 100644
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diff --git a/contrib/plotting-visualization/images/matplotlib-sub-plots.md b/contrib/plotting-visualization/images/matplotlib-sub-plots.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..97d45ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contrib/plotting-visualization/images/matplotlib-sub-plots.md
@@ -0,0 +1,216 @@
+# Bar Plots in Matplotlib
+A bar plot or a bar chart is a type of data visualisation that represents data in the form of rectangular bars, with lengths or heights proportional to the values and data which they represent. The bar plots can be plotted both vertically and horizontally.
+
+It is one of the most widely used type of data visualisation as it is easy to interpret and is pleasing to the eyes.
+
+Matplotlib provides a very easy and intuitive method to create highly customized bar plots.
+
+## Prerequisites
+
+Before creating bar plots in matplotlib you must ensure that you have Python as well as Matplotlib installed on your system.
+
+## Creating a simple Bar Plot with `bar()` method
+
+A very basic Bar Plot can be created with `bar()` method in `matplotlib.pyplot`
+
+```Python
+import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+
+# Creating dataset
+x = ["A", "B", "C", "D"]
+y = [2, 7, 9, 11]
+
+# Creating bar plot
+plt.bar(x,y)
+plt.show() # Shows the plot
+```
+When executed, this would show the following bar plot:
+
+![Basic Bar Plot](images/basic_bar_plot.png)
+
+The `bar()` function takes arguments that describes the layout of the bars.
+
+Here, `plt.bar(x,y)` is used to specify that the bar chart is to be plotted by taking the `x` array as X-axis and `y` array as Y-axis. You can customize the graph further like adding labels to the axes, color of the bars, etc. These will be explored in the upcoming sections.
+
+Additionally, you can also use `numpy` arrays for faster generation when handling large datasets.
+
+```Python
+import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+import numpy as np
+
+# Using numpy array
+x = np.array(["A", "B", "C", "D"])
+y = np.array([2, 7, 9, 11])
+
+plt.bar(x,y)
+plt.show()
+```
+Its output would be the same as above.
+
+## Customizing Bar Plots
+
+For creating customized bar plots, it is **highly recommended** to create the plots using `matplotlib.pyplot.subplots()`, otherwise it is difficult to apply the customizations in the newer versions of Matplotlib.
+
+### Adding title to the graph and labeling the axes
+
+Let us create an imaginary graph of number of cars sold in a various years.
+
+```Python
+import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+
+fig, ax = plt.subplots()
+
+years = ['1999', '2000', '2001', '2002']
+num_of_cars_sold = [300, 500, 700, 1000]
+
+# Creating bar plot
+ax.bar(years, num_of_cars_sold)
+
+# Adding axis labels
+ax.set_xlabel("Years")
+ax.set_ylabel("Number of cars sold")
+
+# Adding plot title
+ax.set_title("Number of cars sold in various years")
+
+plt.show()
+```
+
+![Title and axis labels](images/title_and_axis_labels.png)
+
+Here, we have created a `matplotlib.pyplot.subplots()` object which returns a `Figure` object `fig` as well as an `Axes` object `ax` both of which are used for customizing the bar plot. `ax.set_xlabel`, `ax.set_ylabel` and `ax.set_title` are respectively used for adding labels of X, Y axis and adding title to the graph.
+
+### Adding bar colors and legends
+
+Let us consider our previous example of number of cars sold in various years and suppose that we want to add different colors to the bars from different centuries and respective legends for better interpretation.
+
+This can be achieved by creating two separate arrays `bar_colors` for bar colors and `bar_labels` for legend labels and passing them as arguments to parameters color and label respectively in `ax.bar` method.
+
+```Python
+import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+
+fig, ax = plt.subplots()
+
+years = ['1998', '1999', '2000', '2001', '2002']
+num_of_cars_sold = [200, 300, 500, 700, 1000]
+bar_colors = ['tab:green', 'tab:green', 'tab:blue', 'tab:blue', 'tab:blue']
+bar_labels = ['1900s', '_1900s', '2000s', '_2000s', '_2000s']
+
+# Creating the customized bar plot
+ax.bar(years, num_of_cars_sold, color=bar_colors, label=bar_labels)
+
+# Adding axis labels
+ax.set_xlabel("Years")
+ax.set_ylabel("Number of cars sold")
+
+# Adding plot title
+ax.set_title("Number of cars sold in various years")
+
+# Adding legend title
+ax.legend(title='Centuries')
+
+plt.show()
+```
+
+![Bar colors and Legends](images/bar_colors_and_legends.png)
+
+Note that the labels with a preceding underscore won't show up in the legend. Legend titles can be added by simply passing `title` argument in `ax.legend()`, as shown. Also, you can have a different color for all the bars by passing the `HEX` value of that color in the `color` parameter.
+
+### Adding labels to bars
+
+We may want to add labels to bars representing their absolute (or truncated) values for instant and accurate reading. This can be achieved by passing the `BarContainer` object (returned by `ax.bar()` method) which is basically a aontainer with all the bars and optionally errorbars to `ax.bar_label` method.
+
+```Python
+import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+
+fig, ax = plt.subplots()
+
+years = ['1998', '1999', '2000', '2001', '2002']
+num_of_cars_sold = [200, 300, 500, 700, 1000]
+bar_colors = ['tab:green', 'tab:green', 'tab:blue', 'tab:blue', 'tab:blue']
+bar_labels = ['1900s', '_1900s', '2000s', '_2000s', '_2000s']
+
+# BarContainer object
+bar_container = ax.bar(years, num_of_cars_sold, color=bar_colors, label=bar_labels)
+
+ax.set_xlabel("Years")
+ax.set_ylabel("Number of cars sold")
+ax.set_title("Number of cars sold in various years")
+ax.legend(title='Centuries')
+
+# Adding bar labels
+ax.bar_label(bar_container)
+
+plt.show()
+```
+
+![Bar Labels](images/bar_labels.png)
+
+**Note:** There are various other methods of adding bar labels in matplotlib.
+
+## Horizontal Bar Plot
+
+We can create horizontal bar plots by using the `barh()` method in `matplotlib.pyplot`. All the relevant customizations are applicable here also.
+
+```Python
+import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+
+fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(10,5)) # figsize is used to alter the size of figure
+
+years = ['1998', '1999', '2000', '2001', '2002']
+num_of_cars_sold = [200, 300, 500, 700, 1000]
+bar_colors = ['tab:green', 'tab:green', 'tab:blue', 'tab:blue', 'tab:blue']
+bar_labels = ['1900s', '_1900s', '2000s', '_2000s', '_2000s']
+
+# Creating horizontal bar plot
+bar_container = ax.barh(years, num_of_cars_sold, color=bar_colors, label=bar_labels)
+
+# Adding axis labels
+ax.set_xlabel("Years")
+ax.set_ylabel("Number of cars sold")
+
+# Adding Title
+ax.set_title("Number of cars sold in various years")
+ax.legend(title='Centuries')
+
+# Adding bar labels
+ax.bar_label(bar_container)
+
+plt.show()
+```
+
+![Horizontal Bar Plot-1](images/horizontal_bar_plot_1.png)
+
+We can also invert the Y-axis labels here to show the top values first.
+
+```Python
+import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+
+fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(10,5)) # figsize is used to alter the size of figure
+
+years = ['1998', '1999', '2000', '2001', '2002']
+num_of_cars_sold = [200, 300, 500, 700, 1000]
+bar_colors = ['tab:green', 'tab:green', 'tab:blue', 'tab:blue', 'tab:blue']
+bar_labels = ['1900s', '_1900s', '2000s', '_2000s', '_2000s']
+
+# Creating horizontal bar plot
+bar_container = ax.barh(years, num_of_cars_sold, color=bar_colors, label=bar_labels)
+
+# Adding axis labels
+ax.set_xlabel("Years")
+ax.set_ylabel("Number of cars sold")
+
+# Adding Title
+ax.set_title("Number of cars sold in various years")
+ax.legend(title='Centuries')
+
+# Adding bar labels
+ax.bar_label(bar_container)
+
+# Inverting Y-axis
+ax.invert_yaxis()
+
+plt.show()
+```
+
+![Horizontal Bar Plot-2](images/horizontal_bar_plot_2.png)
diff --git a/contrib/plotting-visualization/index.md b/contrib/plotting-visualization/index.md
index 02324f2..1360ec1 100644
--- a/contrib/plotting-visualization/index.md
+++ b/contrib/plotting-visualization/index.md
@@ -6,8 +6,9 @@
 - [Pie Charts in Matplotlib](matplotlib-pie-charts.md)
 - [Line Charts in Matplotlib](matplotlib-line-plots.md)
 - [Scatter Plots in Matplotlib](matplotlib-scatter-plot.md)
+- [subplots in Matplotlib](matplotlib-sub-plot.md)
 - [Introduction to Seaborn and Installation](seaborn-intro.md)
 - [Seaborn Plotting Functions](seaborn-plotting.md)
 - [Getting started with Seaborn](seaborn-basics.md)
 - [Bar Plots in Plotly](plotly-bar-plots.md)
-- [Pie Charts in Plotly](plotly-pie-charts.md)
\ No newline at end of file
+- [Pie Charts in Plotly](plotly-pie-charts.md)
diff --git a/contrib/plotting-visualization/matplotlib-sub-plot.md b/contrib/plotting-visualization/matplotlib-sub-plot.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..16c294c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contrib/plotting-visualization/matplotlib-sub-plot.md
@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+### 1. Using `plt.subplots()`
+
+The `plt.subplots()` function is a versatile and easy way to create a grid of subplots. It returns a figure and an array of Axes objects.
+
+#### Code Explanation
+
+1. **Import Libraries**:
+   ```python
+   import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+   import numpy as np
+   ```
+
+2. **Generate Sample Data**:
+   ```python
+   x = np.linspace(0, 10, 100)
+   y1 = np.sin(x)
+   y2 = np.cos(x)
+   y3 = np.tan(x)
+   ```
+
+3. **Create Subplots**:
+   ```python
+   fig, axs = plt.subplots(3, 1, figsize=(8, 12))
+   ```
+
+   - `3, 1` indicates a 3-row, 1-column grid.
+   - `figsize` specifies the overall size of the figure.
+
+4. **Plot Data**:
+   ```python
+   axs[0].plot(x, y1, 'r')
+   axs[0].set_title('Sine Function')
+   
+   axs[1].plot(x, y2, 'g')
+   axs[1].set_title('Cosine Function')
+   
+   axs[2].plot(x, y3, 'b')
+   axs[2].set_title('Tangent Function')
+   ```
+
+5. **Adjust Layout and Show Plot**:
+   ```python
+   plt.tight_layout()
+   plt.show()
+   ```
+
+#### Result
+
+The result will be a figure with three vertically stacked subplots.
+![subplot Chart](images/subplots.png)
+
+### 2. Using `plt.subplot()`
+
+The `plt.subplot()` function allows you to add a single subplot at a time to a figure.
+
+#### Code Explanation
+
+1. **Import Libraries and Generate Data** (same as above).
+
+2. **Create Figure and Subplots**:
+   ```python
+   plt.figure(figsize=(8, 12))
+   
+   plt.subplot(3, 1, 1)
+   plt.plot(x, y1, 'r')
+   plt.title('Sine Function')
+   
+   plt.subplot(3, 1, 2)
+   plt.plot(x, y2, 'g')
+   plt.title('Cosine Function')
+   
+   plt.subplot(3, 1, 3)
+   plt.plot(x, y3, 'b')
+   plt.title('Tangent Function')
+   ```
+
+3. **Adjust Layout and Show Plot** (same as above).
+
+#### Result
+
+The result will be similar to the first method but created using individual subplot commands.
+
+![subplot Chart](images/subplots.png)
+
+### 3. Using `GridSpec`
+
+`GridSpec` allows for more complex subplot layouts.
+
+#### Code Explanation
+
+1. **Import Libraries and Generate Data** (same as above).
+
+2. **Create Figure and GridSpec**:
+   ```python
+   from matplotlib.gridspec import GridSpec
+   
+   fig = plt.figure(figsize=(8, 12))
+   gs = GridSpec(3, 1, figure=fig)
+   ```
+
+3. **Create Subplots**:
+   ```python
+   ax1 = fig.add_subplot(gs[0, 0])
+   ax1.plot(x, y1, 'r')
+   ax1.set_title('Sine Function')
+   
+   ax2 = fig.add_subplot(gs[1, 0])
+   ax2.plot(x, y2, 'g')
+   ax2.set_title('Cosine Function')
+   
+   ax3 = fig.add_subplot(gs[2, 0])
+   ax3.plot(x, y3, 'b')
+   ax3.set_title('Tangent Function')
+   ```
+
+4. **Adjust Layout and Show Plot** (same as above).
+
+#### Result
+
+The result will again be three subplots in a vertical stack, created using the flexible `GridSpec`. 
+
+![subplot Chart](images/subplots.png)
+
+### Summary
+
+- **`plt.subplots()`**: Creates a grid of subplots with shared axes.
+- **`plt.subplot()`**: Adds individual subplots in a figure.
+- **`GridSpec`**: Allows for complex and custom subplot layouts.
+
+By mastering these techniques, you can create detailed and organized visualizations, enhancing the clarity and comprehension of your data presentations.
\ No newline at end of file