Document that "allow": {} denies all

https://github.com/simonw/datasette/issues/831#issuecomment-642324847

docs/authentication.rst

@@ -94,6 +94,14 @@ This will match any actors with an ``"id"`` property of ``"root"`` - for example
         "name": "Root User"
     }
 
+An allow block can specify "no-one is allowed to do this" using an empty ``{}``:
+
+.. code-block:: json
+
+    {
+        "allow": {}
+    }
+
 Allow keys can provide a list of values. These will match any actor that has any of those values.
 
 .. code-block:: json
@@ -181,6 +189,17 @@ Here's how to restrict access to your entire Datasette instance to just the ``"i
         }
     }
 
+To deny access to all users, you can use ``"allow": {}``:
+
+.. code-block:: json
+
+    {
+        "title": "My entirely inaccessible instance",
+        "allow": {}
+    }
+
+One reason to do this is if you are using a Datasette plugin - such as `datasette-permissions-sql <https://github.com/simonw/datasette-permissions-sql>`__ - to control permissions instead.
+
 .. _authentication_permissions_database:
 
 Controlling access to specific databases

tests/test_utils.py

@@ -464,16 +464,19 @@ def test_multi_params(data, should_raise):
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
     "actor,allow,expected",
     [
+        # Default is to allow:
         (None, None, True),
+        # {} means deny-all:
         (None, {}, False),
-        (None, {"id": "root"}, False),
-        ({"id": "root"}, None, True),
         ({"id": "root"}, {}, False),
-        ({"id": "simon", "staff": True}, {"staff": True}, True),
-        ({"id": "simon", "staff": False}, {"staff": True}, False),
         # Special case for "unauthenticated": true
         (None, {"unauthenticated": True}, True),
         (None, {"unauthenticated": False}, False),
+        # Match on just one property:
+        (None, {"id": "root"}, False),
+        ({"id": "root"}, None, True),
+        ({"id": "simon", "staff": True}, {"staff": True}, True),
+        ({"id": "simon", "staff": False}, {"staff": True}, False),
         # Special "*" value for any key:
         ({"id": "root"}, {"id": "*"}, True),
         ({}, {"id": "*"}, False),