diff --git a/src/llms/chat.ts b/src/llms/chat.ts
index b9e1f72..5f36a95 100644
--- a/src/llms/chat.ts
+++ b/src/llms/chat.ts
@@ -21,6 +21,113 @@ import {
   getNumTokensForChatMessages
 } from './llm-utils'
 
+const BOOLEAN_OUTPUTS = {
+  true: true,
+  false: false,
+  t: true,
+  f: false,
+  yes: true,
+  no: false,
+  y: true,
+  n: false,
+  '1': true,
+  '0': false
+}
+
+function parseArrayOutput(output: string): Array<any> {
+  try {
+    const trimmedOutput = extractJSONArrayFromString(output)
+    const parsedOutput = JSON.parse(jsonrepair(trimmedOutput ?? output))
+    return parsedOutput
+  } catch (err: any) {
+    if (err instanceof JSONRepairError) {
+      throw new errors.OutputValidationError(err.message, { cause: err })
+    } else if (err instanceof SyntaxError) {
+      throw new errors.OutputValidationError(
+        `Invalid JSON array: ${err.message}`,
+        { cause: err }
+      )
+    } else {
+      throw err
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+function parseObjectOutput(output) {
+  try {
+    const trimmedOutput = extractJSONObjectFromString(output)
+    output = JSON.parse(jsonrepair(trimmedOutput ?? output))
+
+    if (Array.isArray(output)) {
+      // TODO
+      output = output[0]
+    }
+
+    return output
+  } catch (err: any) {
+    if (err instanceof JSONRepairError) {
+      throw new errors.OutputValidationError(err.message, { cause: err })
+    } else if (err instanceof SyntaxError) {
+      throw new errors.OutputValidationError(
+        `Invalid JSON object: ${err.message}`,
+        { cause: err }
+      )
+    } else {
+      throw err
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+function parseBooleanOutput(output): boolean {
+  output = output
+    .toLowerCase()
+    .trim()
+    .replace(/[.!?]+$/, '')
+
+  const booleanOutput = BOOLEAN_OUTPUTS[output]
+
+  if (booleanOutput !== undefined) {
+    return booleanOutput
+  } else {
+    throw new errors.OutputValidationError(`Invalid boolean output: ${output}`)
+  }
+}
+
+function parseNumberOutput(output, outputSchema: z.ZodNumber): number {
+  output = output.trim()
+
+  const numberOutput = outputSchema.isInt
+    ? parseInt(output)
+    : parseFloat(output)
+
+  if (isNaN(numberOutput)) {
+    throw new errors.OutputValidationError(`Invalid number output: ${output}`)
+  }
+
+  return numberOutput
+}
+
+function parseOutput(output: any, outputSchema: ZodType<any>) {
+  if (outputSchema instanceof z.ZodArray) {
+    output = parseArrayOutput(output)
+  } else if (outputSchema instanceof z.ZodObject) {
+    output = parseObjectOutput(output)
+  } else if (outputSchema instanceof z.ZodBoolean) {
+    output = parseBooleanOutput(output)
+  } else if (outputSchema instanceof z.ZodNumber) {
+    output = parseNumberOutput(output, outputSchema)
+  }
+
+  // TODO: fix typescript issue here with recursive types
+  const safeResult = (outputSchema.safeParse as any)(output)
+
+  if (!safeResult.success) {
+    throw new errors.ZodOutputValidationError(safeResult.error)
+  }
+
+  return safeResult.data
+}
+
 export abstract class BaseChatCompletion<
   TInput extends types.TaskInput = void,
   TOutput extends types.TaskOutput = string,
@@ -141,47 +248,12 @@ export abstract class BaseChatCompletion<
       }
     }
 
-    if (this._outputSchema) {
-      // TODO: replace zod-to-ts with zod-to-json-schema?
-      const { node } = zodToTs(this._outputSchema)
-
-      if (node.kind === 152) {
-        // handle raw strings differently
-        messages.push({
-          role: 'system',
-          content: dedent`Output a raw string only, without any additional text.`
-        })
-      } else {
-        const tsTypeString = printNode(node, {
-          removeComments: false,
-          // TODO: this doesn't seem to actually work, so we're doing it manually below
-          omitTrailingSemicolon: true,
-          noEmitHelpers: true
-        })
-          .replace(/^ {4}/gm, '  ')
-          .replace(/;$/gm, '')
-
-        const label =
-          this._outputSchema instanceof z.ZodArray
-            ? 'JSON array'
-            : this._outputSchema instanceof z.ZodObject
-            ? 'JSON object'
-            : this._outputSchema instanceof z.ZodNumber
-            ? 'number'
-            : this._outputSchema instanceof z.ZodString
-            ? 'string'
-            : this._outputSchema instanceof z.ZodBoolean
-            ? 'boolean'
-            : 'JSON value'
-
-        messages.push({
-          role: 'system',
-          content: dedent`Do not output code. Output a single ${label} in the following TypeScript format:
-          \`\`\`ts
-          ${tsTypeString}
-          \`\`\``
-        })
-      }
+    const outputMsg = this.outputMessage()
+    if (outputMsg !== null) {
+      messages.push({
+        role: 'system',
+        content: outputMsg
+      })
     }
 
     if (ctx?.retryMessage) {
@@ -196,6 +268,50 @@ export abstract class BaseChatCompletion<
     return messages
   }
 
+  public outputMessage(): string | null {
+    const outputSchema = this._outputSchema
+
+    if (!outputSchema) {
+      return null
+    }
+
+    // TODO: replace zod-to-ts with zod-to-json-schema?
+    const { node } = zodToTs(outputSchema)
+
+    if (node.kind === 152) {
+      // Handle raw strings differently:
+      return dedent`Output a raw string only, without any additional text.`
+    }
+
+    const tsTypeString = printNode(node, {
+      removeComments: false,
+      // TODO: this doesn't seem to actually work, so we're doing it manually below
+      omitTrailingSemicolon: true,
+      noEmitHelpers: true
+    })
+      .replace(/^ {4}/gm, '  ')
+      .replace(/;$/gm, '')
+    let label: string
+    if (outputSchema instanceof z.ZodArray) {
+      label = 'JSON array (minified)'
+    } else if (outputSchema instanceof z.ZodObject) {
+      label = 'JSON object (minified)'
+    } else if (outputSchema instanceof z.ZodNumber) {
+      label = 'number'
+    } else if (outputSchema instanceof z.ZodString) {
+      label = 'string'
+    } else if (outputSchema instanceof z.ZodBoolean) {
+      label = 'boolean'
+    } else {
+      label = 'JSON value'
+    }
+
+    return dedent`Do not output code. Output a single ${label} in the following TypeScript format:
+        \`\`\`ts
+        ${tsTypeString}
+        \`\`\``
+  }
+
   protected override async _call(
     ctx: types.TaskCallContext<TInput, types.LLMTaskResponseMetadata>
   ): Promise<TOutput> {
@@ -356,89 +472,7 @@ export abstract class BaseChatCompletion<
     // console.log('<<<')
 
     if (this._outputSchema) {
-      const outputSchema = this._outputSchema
-
-      if (outputSchema instanceof z.ZodArray) {
-        try {
-          const trimmedOutput = extractJSONArrayFromString(output)
-          output = JSON.parse(jsonrepair(trimmedOutput ?? output))
-        } catch (err: any) {
-          if (err instanceof JSONRepairError) {
-            throw new errors.OutputValidationError(err.message, { cause: err })
-          } else if (err instanceof SyntaxError) {
-            throw new errors.OutputValidationError(
-              `Invalid JSON array: ${err.message}`,
-              { cause: err }
-            )
-          } else {
-            throw err
-          }
-        }
-      } else if (outputSchema instanceof z.ZodObject) {
-        try {
-          const trimmedOutput = extractJSONObjectFromString(output)
-          output = JSON.parse(jsonrepair(trimmedOutput ?? output))
-
-          if (Array.isArray(output)) {
-            // TODO
-            output = output[0]
-          }
-        } catch (err: any) {
-          if (err instanceof JSONRepairError) {
-            throw new errors.OutputValidationError(err.message, { cause: err })
-          } else if (err instanceof SyntaxError) {
-            throw new errors.OutputValidationError(
-              `Invalid JSON object: ${err.message}`,
-              { cause: err }
-            )
-          } else {
-            throw err
-          }
-        }
-      } else if (outputSchema instanceof z.ZodBoolean) {
-        output = output.toLowerCase().trim()
-        const booleanOutputs = {
-          true: true,
-          false: false,
-          yes: true,
-          no: false,
-          1: true,
-          0: false
-        }
-
-        const booleanOutput = booleanOutputs[output]
-
-        if (booleanOutput !== undefined) {
-          output = booleanOutput
-        } else {
-          throw new errors.OutputValidationError(
-            `Invalid boolean output: ${output}`
-          )
-        }
-      } else if (outputSchema instanceof z.ZodNumber) {
-        output = output.trim()
-
-        const numberOutput = outputSchema.isInt
-          ? parseInt(output)
-          : parseFloat(output)
-
-        if (isNaN(numberOutput)) {
-          throw new errors.OutputValidationError(
-            `Invalid number output: ${output}`
-          )
-        } else {
-          output = numberOutput
-        }
-      }
-
-      // TODO: fix typescript issue here with recursive types
-      const safeResult = (outputSchema.safeParse as any)(output)
-
-      if (!safeResult.success) {
-        throw new errors.ZodOutputValidationError(safeResult.error)
-      }
-
-      return safeResult.data
+      return parseOutput(output, this._outputSchema)
     } else {
       return output
     }