diff --git a/legacy/src/services/clearbit-client.ts b/legacy/src/services/clearbit-client.ts
index f948f33e..b213559b 100644
--- a/legacy/src/services/clearbit-client.ts
+++ b/legacy/src/services/clearbit-client.ts
@@ -4,14 +4,14 @@ import pThrottle from 'p-throttle'
 import type { DeepNullable, KyInstance } from '../types.js'
 import { assert, delay, getEnv, throttleKy } from '../utils.js'
 
-// Only allow 20 clearbit API requests per 60s
-const clearbitAPIThrottle = pThrottle({
-  limit: 20,
-  interval: 60 * 1000,
-  strict: true
-})
-
 export namespace clearbit {
+  // Only allow 20 clearbit API requests per 60s
+  export const throttle = pThrottle({
+    limit: 20,
+    interval: 60 * 1000,
+    strict: true
+  })
+
   export interface CompanyEnrichmentOptions {
     domain: string
     webhook_url?: string
@@ -528,7 +528,7 @@ export class ClearbitClient {
 
     this.apiKey = apiKey
 
-    const throttledKy = throttle ? throttleKy(ky, clearbitAPIThrottle) : ky
+    const throttledKy = throttle ? throttleKy(ky, clearbit.throttle) : ky
 
     this.ky = throttledKy.extend({
       timeout: timeoutMs,
diff --git a/legacy/src/services/dexa-client.ts b/legacy/src/services/dexa-client.ts
index 1a10ad78..6acf3cae 100644
--- a/legacy/src/services/dexa-client.ts
+++ b/legacy/src/services/dexa-client.ts
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ export class DexaClient {
 
     this.apiKey = apiKey
     this.apiBaseUrl = apiBaseUrl
+
     this.ky = ky.extend({ prefixUrl: this.apiBaseUrl, timeout: timeoutMs })
   }
 
diff --git a/legacy/src/services/diffbot-client.ts b/legacy/src/services/diffbot-client.ts
index 88423a43..8e4b70ee 100644
--- a/legacy/src/services/diffbot-client.ts
+++ b/legacy/src/services/diffbot-client.ts
@@ -4,16 +4,16 @@ import pThrottle from 'p-throttle'
 
 import { assert, getEnv, throttleKy } from '../utils.js'
 
-const diffbotAPIThrottle = pThrottle({
-  limit: 5,
-  interval: 1000,
-  strict: true
-})
-
 export namespace diffbot {
   export const API_BASE_URL = 'https://api.diffbot.com'
   export const KNOWLEDGE_GRAPH_API_BASE_URL = 'https://kg.diffbot.com'
 
+  export const throttle = pThrottle({
+    limit: 5,
+    interval: 1000,
+    strict: true
+  })
+
   export interface DiffbotExtractOptions {
     /** Specify optional fields to be returned from any fully-extracted pages, e.g.: &fields=querystring,links. See available fields within each API's individual documentation pages.
      * @see https://docs.diffbot.com/reference/extract-optional-fields
@@ -357,7 +357,7 @@ export class DiffbotClient {
     this.apiBaseUrl = apiBaseUrl
     this.apiKnowledgeGraphBaseUrl = apiKnowledgeGraphBaseUrl
 
-    const throttledKy = throttle ? throttleKy(ky, diffbotAPIThrottle) : ky
+    const throttledKy = throttle ? throttleKy(ky, diffbot.throttle) : ky
 
     this.ky = throttledKy.extend({
       prefixUrl: apiBaseUrl,
diff --git a/legacy/src/services/exa-client.ts b/legacy/src/services/exa-client.ts
index 9aedc08d..d4bf6274 100644
--- a/legacy/src/services/exa-client.ts
+++ b/legacy/src/services/exa-client.ts
@@ -147,6 +147,7 @@ export class ExaClient {
 
     this.apiKey = apiKey
     this.apiBaseUrl = apiBaseUrl
+
     this.ky = ky.extend({
       prefixUrl: this.apiBaseUrl,
       headers: {
diff --git a/legacy/src/services/people-data-labs-client.ts b/legacy/src/services/people-data-labs-client.ts
index 7385c1a5..e0846ea1 100644
--- a/legacy/src/services/people-data-labs-client.ts
+++ b/legacy/src/services/people-data-labs-client.ts
@@ -3,15 +3,15 @@ import pThrottle from 'p-throttle'
 
 import { assert, getEnv, throttleKy } from '../utils.js'
 
-const peopleDataLabsAPIThrottle = pThrottle({
-  limit: 20,
-  interval: 60 * 1000,
-  strict: true
-})
-
 export namespace peopledatalabs {
   export const BASE_URL = 'https://api.peopledatalabs.com/v5/'
 
+  export const throttle = pThrottle({
+    limit: 20,
+    interval: 60 * 1000,
+    strict: true
+  })
+
   export const JobTitleLevels = [
     'cxo',
     'director',
@@ -453,9 +453,7 @@ export class PeopleDataLabsClient {
     this.apiKey = apiKey
     this.apiBaseUrl = apiBaseUrl
 
-    const throttledKy = throttle
-      ? throttleKy(ky, peopleDataLabsAPIThrottle)
-      : ky
+    const throttledKy = throttle ? throttleKy(ky, peopledatalabs.throttle) : ky
 
     this.ky = throttledKy.extend({
       prefixUrl: apiBaseUrl,
diff --git a/legacy/src/services/perigon-client.ts b/legacy/src/services/perigon-client.ts
index 2886504f..a3be8e08 100644
--- a/legacy/src/services/perigon-client.ts
+++ b/legacy/src/services/perigon-client.ts
@@ -3,13 +3,13 @@ import pThrottle from 'p-throttle'
 
 import { assert, getEnv, throttleKy } from '../utils.js'
 
-const perigonAPIThrottle = pThrottle({
-  limit: 20,
-  interval: 60 * 1000,
-  strict: true
-})
-
 export namespace perigon {
+  export const throttle = pThrottle({
+    limit: 20,
+    interval: 60 * 1000,
+    strict: true
+  })
+
   export type ArticleLabel =
     | 'Opinion'
     | 'Non-news'
@@ -268,7 +268,7 @@ export class PerigonClient {
 
     this.apiKey = apiKey
 
-    const throttledKy = throttle ? throttleKy(ky, perigonAPIThrottle) : ky
+    const throttledKy = throttle ? throttleKy(ky, perigon.throttle) : ky
 
     this.ky = throttledKy.extend({
       prefixUrl: 'https://api.goperigon.com/v1/',
diff --git a/legacy/src/services/predict-leads-client.ts b/legacy/src/services/predict-leads-client.ts
index b69599c2..5cca84aa 100644
--- a/legacy/src/services/predict-leads-client.ts
+++ b/legacy/src/services/predict-leads-client.ts
@@ -4,13 +4,13 @@ import pThrottle from 'p-throttle'
 import type { DeepNullable } from '../types.js'
 import { assert, getEnv, throttleKy } from '../utils.js'
 
-const predictionLeadsAPIThrottle = pThrottle({
-  limit: 20,
-  interval: 60 * 1000,
-  strict: true
-})
-
 export namespace predictleads {
+  export const throttle = pThrottle({
+    limit: 20,
+    interval: 60 * 1000,
+    strict: true
+  })
+
   export type Meta = DeepNullable<{
     count: number
     message?: string | null
@@ -210,9 +210,7 @@ export class PredictLeadsClient {
     this.apiKey = apiKey
     this.apiToken = apiToken
 
-    const throttledKy = throttle
-      ? throttleKy(ky, predictionLeadsAPIThrottle)
-      : ky
+    const throttledKy = throttle ? throttleKy(ky, predictleads.throttle) : ky
 
     this.ky = throttledKy.extend({
       timeout: timeoutMs,
diff --git a/legacy/src/services/serpapi-client.ts b/legacy/src/services/serpapi-client.ts
index 38a69b4e..af5f1309 100644
--- a/legacy/src/services/serpapi-client.ts
+++ b/legacy/src/services/serpapi-client.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import defaultKy, { type KyInstance } from 'ky'
 import { z } from 'zod'
 
 import { aiFunction, AIToolsProvider } from '../fns.js'
-import { getEnv } from '../utils.js'
+import { assert, getEnv } from '../utils.js'
 
 /**
  * All types have been exported from the `serpapi` package, which we're
@@ -625,13 +625,7 @@ export namespace serpapi {
     device?: 'desktop' | 'tablet' | 'mobile'
   }
 
-  export type Params = Omit<GoogleParameters, 'q'>
-
-  export interface ClientOptions extends Partial<Params> {
-    apiKey?: string
-    apiBaseUrl?: string
-    ky?: KyInstance
-  }
+  export type ClientParams = Partial<Omit<GoogleParameters, 'q'>>
 }
 
 /**
@@ -640,28 +634,29 @@ export namespace serpapi {
  * @see https://serpapi.com/search-api
  */
 export class SerpAPIClient extends AIToolsProvider {
-  protected api: KyInstance
+  protected ky: KyInstance
   protected apiKey: string
   protected apiBaseUrl: string
-  protected params: Partial<serpapi.Params>
+  protected params: serpapi.ClientParams
 
   constructor({
     apiKey = getEnv('SERPAPI_API_KEY') ?? getEnv('SERP_API_KEY'),
     apiBaseUrl = serpapi.BASE_URL,
     ky = defaultKy,
     ...params
-  }: serpapi.ClientOptions = {}) {
-    if (!apiKey) {
-      throw new Error(`Error SerpAPIClient missing required "apiKey"`)
-    }
-
+  }: {
+    apiKey?: string
+    apiBaseUrl?: string
+    ky?: KyInstance
+  } & serpapi.ClientParams = {}) {
+    assert(apiKey, `Error SerpAPIClient missing required "apiKey"`)
     super()
 
     this.apiKey = apiKey
     this.apiBaseUrl = apiBaseUrl
     this.params = params
 
-    this.api = ky.extend({
+    this.ky = ky.extend({
       prefixUrl: this.apiBaseUrl
     })
   }
@@ -684,7 +679,7 @@ export class SerpAPIClient extends AIToolsProvider {
     const { timeout, ...rest } = this.params
 
     // console.log('SerpAPIClient.search', options)
-    return this.api
+    return this.ky
       .get('search', {
         searchParams: {
           ...rest,
diff --git a/legacy/src/services/serper-client.ts b/legacy/src/services/serper-client.ts
index 485b90e2..064f56de 100644
--- a/legacy/src/services/serper-client.ts
+++ b/legacy/src/services/serper-client.ts
@@ -186,11 +186,7 @@ export namespace serper {
     position: number
   }
 
-  export interface ClientOptions extends Omit<Partial<SearchParams>, 'q'> {
-    apiKey?: string
-    apiBaseUrl?: string
-    ky?: KyInstance
-  }
+  export type ClientParams = Partial<Omit<SearchParams, 'q'>>
 }
 
 /**
@@ -202,14 +198,18 @@ export class SerperClient extends AIToolsProvider {
   readonly ky: KyInstance
   readonly apiKey: string
   readonly apiBaseUrl: string
-  readonly params: Omit<Partial<serper.SearchParams>, 'q'>
+  readonly params: serper.ClientParams
 
   constructor({
     apiKey = getEnv('SERPER_API_KEY'),
     apiBaseUrl = serper.BASE_URL,
     ky = defaultKy,
     ...params
-  }: serper.ClientOptions = {}) {
+  }: {
+    apiKey?: string
+    apiBaseUrl?: string
+    ky?: KyInstance
+  } & serper.ClientParams = {}) {
     assert(
       apiKey,
       `SerperClient missing required "apiKey" (defaults to "SERPER_API_KEY" env var)`
diff --git a/legacy/src/services/weather-client.ts b/legacy/src/services/weather-client.ts
index 745b6649..91dea80e 100644
--- a/legacy/src/services/weather-client.ts
+++ b/legacy/src/services/weather-client.ts
@@ -88,7 +88,10 @@ export class WeatherClient extends AIToolsProvider {
     apiBaseUrl?: string
     ky?: KyInstance
   } = {}) {
-    assert(apiKey, 'WEATHER_API_KEY is required')
+    assert(
+      apiKey,
+      'WeatherClient missing required "apiKey" (defaults to "WEATHER_API_KEY")'
+    )
     super()
 
     this.apiKey = apiKey